WORLD COINS

Portugal found itself under the rule of the House of Austria in 1580, led by King Philip II of Spain (also known as Philip I of Portugal). Despite maintaining its independence, legal system, and currency, there was persistent resistance to this personal union, as the Dukes of Braganza were viewed as an alternative power centre due to their esteemed status and lineage connected to the House of Aviz. In December 1640, a revolt against the Austrian rule erupted, leading to a declaration of independence and the proclamation of the Duke of Braganza as king under the title of John IV (1640-1656). This marked the beginning of the Restoration War, a conflict that persisted until 1668 when the Madrid government formally acknowledged Portugal's independence through the Treaty of Lisbon. This 4 cruzados piece emerged as the highest denomination issued by the new king. Its first issue dates back to 1642, coinciding with the new government’s efforts to maintain control over the Iberian Peninsula while also retaining its colonies. In June 1641, Portugal signed a truce with the United Provinces of the Netherlands, particularly due to the complex situation in Brazil. Around the same time, an alliance with France was forged, while an agreement with England was reached in January 1642. These events occurred during the decisive moments of the Restoration, with Portugal seeking allies in the Iberian Peninsula's war against Spain while simultaneously attempting to regain control of its overseas empire. Many foreign powers sought to seize control of important territories even after recognising the new Braganza government, which needed to consolidate its power both on the peninsula and in the colonies.